Oral Cancers

Oral Cancers

Oral cancer is one of the most common types of cancer that affects the mouth and surrounding areas. It develops when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the oral cavity, which includes the lips, tongue, cheeks, gums, floor of the mouth, and the roof of the mouth. Early detection is crucial because oral cancer can spread quickly if not treated in time. Understanding its causes, symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options can help save lives.

What is Oral Cancer?

Oral cancer is a subtype of head and neck cancers. It starts in the squamous cells lining the mouth and throat. Most oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, which tend to grow rapidly. Oral cancer may appear as a persistent sore, lump, or patch inside the mouth that does not heal. If ignored, it can spread to nearby lymph nodes and other parts of the body.

Causes and Risk Factors

Several factors contribute to the development of oral cancers

Tobacco Use – Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, as well as chewing tobacco, is the leading cause of oral cancers.

Alcohol Consumption – Excessive drinking increases the risk, especially when combined with tobacco use.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Certain strains of HPV are strongly linked to cancers in the throat and tongue.

Prolonged Sun Exposure – This can lead to lip cancer.

Poor Diet – Lack of fruits and vegetables can reduce the body’s ability to fight off abnormal cell growth.

Genetics – Family history of cancer can make individuals more vulnerable.

People who smoke and drink excessively are 30 times more likely to develop oral cancer compared to non-smokers.

Early Signs and Symptoms

Oral cancer often goes unnoticed in its early stages because symptoms may seem harmless.

A sore in the mouth or on the lips that does not heal.

Red or white patches inside the mouth.

A lump or thickening in the cheek or tongue.

Persistent sore throat or feeling that something is stuck.

Difficulty in chewing, swallowing, or speaking.

Loose teeth or pain in the jaw.

Unexplained bleeding in the mouth.

Numbness in the tongue or lips.

If any of these symptoms last more than two weeks, it is essential to consult a doctor immediately.

Diagnosis of Oral Cancer

Doctors use several methods to diagnose oral cancers

Physical Examination – Checking for lumps, sores, and unusual patches.

Biopsy – Removing a small tissue sample for microscopic examination.

Imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRIs, or X-rays, help determine if cancer has spread.

Endoscopy – A thin tube with a camera is inserted to look inside the throat.

Early detection greatly improves survival rates. According to studies, people diagnosed at an early stage have a 5-year survival rate of around 85%, while late-stage diagnosis drops it significantly.

Treatment Options

The choice of treatment depends on the stage and location of cancer. Common treatments include:

Surgery – Removing the tumour and sometimes nearby lymph nodes.

Radiation Therapy – Using high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells.

Chemotherapy – Powerful drugs that kill or slow cancer cell growth.

Targeted Therapy – Medicines that specifically target cancer cells without harming normal cells.

Immunotherapy – Boosts the immune system to fight cancer more effectively.

Often, doctors recommend a combination of treatments for better outcomes.

Prevention Tips

The good news is that many oral cancers can be prevented by adopting healthy habits:

Quit smoking and avoid chewing tobacco.

Limit alcohol consumption.

Protect your lips with sunscreen or lip balm.

Eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

Practice good oral hygiene.

Get regular dental check-ups, as dentists can often spot early warning signs.

FAQs

1. Who is most at risk for oral cancer?

People who use tobacco, drink heavily, or have HPV infection are at the highest risk.

2. Can oral cancer be cured completely?

Yes, if detected early, oral cancer can often be cured with surgery, radiation, or other treatments.

3. How common is oral cancer?

Oral cancer accounts for about 3% of all cancers worldwide, making it relatively common.

4. Can oral cancer come back after treatment?

Yes, recurrence is possible, especially if risk factors like smoking continue.

5. How can I check myself for oral cancer at home?

Look for non-healing sores, red or white patches, lumps, or unusual changes in your mouth. If you notice anything unusual, see a doctor immediately.

Conclusion

Oral cancer is a serious health concern that can be life-threatening if left untreated. However, with early detection, timely treatment, and preventive measures, the chances of survival and recovery are high. Awareness is the key—knowing the risk factors and symptoms can help in catching the disease at an early stage. Protecting your oral health means safeguarding your overall health.